Submitted by Tyler
Durden on 04/04/2016.
Introduccion. por Hugo Adan
Cuando se
instaló la globalización neoliberal -a inicios de 1980- el gran capital fugó
hacia China o donde hubo labor más barato .. Allí la manufactura
fordista o en gran escala dejo sus beneficios; alivio del hambre a millones de
pobres en China, Africa, y AL .. pero dejo también pueblos fantasmas como
Detroit en el US o Pasco en Perú.
Lo interesante es que estas empresas que
mudaban de un lugar a otro en busca de esclavos más baratos, crearon también a los sepultadores del modelo neoliberal : el
labor consumista exigió mayor salario y mejores condiciones de trabajo.
Como China no podía consumir los productos caros
que ellos exportaban, crearon los propios y con similar tecnología. Nacieron así los nuevos manufactureros que empezaron vendiendo cosas pequeñas al mercado mundial para
avanzar luego hacia la manufactura mediana y la más sofisticada luego. Como
esto requería nuevas técnicas el Estado invirtió en educación para crear un nuevo
capital humano e intelectual.
En suma, los asiáticos fueron 1ro entrenados por el capital extranjero allí instalado, y
poco a poco dejaron de ser dependientes de la manufactura foránea. Crearon su propia tecnología con su propio tipo de R&D.
Hoy China puede crear y vender a su propia población los productos
manufacturados que antes importaba de fuera.
Los Chinos, Japon y otros asiáticos fueron aún más allá, el Estado controló la paridad con el dólar para estimular
su propia producción, mientras crearon una cadena de comercialización que los
hizo totalmente independientes del mercado occidental.
Hoy la manufactura americana no tiene ya los
esclavos baratos de china y no pueden ya controlar el comercio mundial. Si los asiáticos cierran su mercado al occidente, este
muere, mientras ellos podrían desarrollar
su propio mercado interno. La manufactura fordista o de gran escala cayo
en su propia trampa.
Para que puedan vender los carros eléctricos Tesla,
el US tendría que destruir las mafias empresariales internas
que producen los carros poluter de hoy. Mientras tanto, el propio Tesla Chino o
Iranio está ya en camino. Es decir, la globalización neoliberal ha
llegado a su final y la producción fordista o de gran escala está siendo ya
siendo reemplazad por el mediano capital empresarial.
Pronto nacerán también los bancos
medianos que reemplazaran a los dinos de hoy. Y por ese camino las
monedas globalizantes serán reemplazadas por monedas regionales. La producción
de hoy se orienta cada vez más al desarrollo interno y regional a nivel mundial.
Y esto no requiere dinos sino mediano capital productivo.
El federalismo ultra centralizado
como el nuestro está en crisis .. El FED es obsoleto. Para sacar los
Estado del US de la crisis se requiere orientar todo el capital que malgastamos
fuera, en el desarrollo interno de la nación.
Esto es, se requiere desmantelar el imperio,
empezando por los silos nucleares .. si no lo hacemos y
persistimos en la guerra nuclear .. esos silos nos lo van a reventar en la
cabeza. Urge un pacto con RU, China y los miembros del UN-SC para este desarme. Este cambio si
tiene que empezar arriba.
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WHY MANUFACTURING MATTERS. Por Enrico Matias
A few weeks ago we penned an article on Open Source Ecology, an exciting new
manufacturing concept developed by Dr. Marcin Jakubowski and his colleagues.
Given its potential to create a multitude of self-reliant jobs and bring about
a true manufacturing renaissance in much of the developed world, we thought
that it would generate a lot of interest. We were wrong.
We assume that for many of our dear readers, who
for the most part live in Western countries, manufacturing is just an
afterthought. The future and all the cool stuff is in
services right?.
We assume that for many of our dear readers, who
for the most part live in Western countries, manufacturing is just an
afterthought. The future and all the cool stuff is in services right?
Entire manufacturing facilities
were being shut down in the US, earning the dynamic CEO the nickname
“Neutron Jack” (everybody was gone when he came around, only the buildings
remained). .. GE turned out to be a leading indicator for the entire US
economy. .. The entire developed world
was facing the same developments, with more or less the same outcomes. This
offshoring is aptly illustrated in the following graph:
As cheaper goods imported from abroad started to reduce
domestic inflation expectations, the concomitant decline in interest
rates since the mid-1980s increasingly steered productive resources of
developed economies towards the financial, insurance and real estate sectors (the so called FIRE
economy).
For Western policymakers this was something to be
encouraged, as it enabled the (partial) absorption and retraining of the
increasing redundancies coming from the manufacturing sector. This is how such
transition has unfolded in the US:
US manufacturing employment peaked at around twenty
million in June 1979, and has steadily declined since. The latest reading is a tad above 12 million
employees. On the other hand, the sum of construction and financial activity
employment (as a proxy for the FIRE economy) surpassed that of manufacturing in
mid-2003.
Things were chugging along, supported by copious amounts
of leverage increases in both the public and private sectors, until the 2008
financial crisis exposed the fragilities of this new economic model: the gradual transition to a FIRE economy in
the developed world ended up creating systemic risks that could crash the
entire global economy – requiring constant vigilance by central banks to this
very day in order to avoid a repeat.
Somewhat ominously,
GE almost became a victim of its own successful transformation into a financial
giant. .. It’s not the more fickle
and systemic nature of the FIRE economy that make manufacturing particularly
important. It goes well beyond that.
Some very good
reasons of why manufacturing matters a great deal to any economy were
convincingly outlined by Prof. Vaclav Smil in his must-read book “The Rise and Retreat of American Manufacturing” (2013).
For starters, manufacturing brings together many
important functions – from accounting to job training, and creates entire new
ones, such as global marketing and e-sales. Accordingly, it generates the greatest positive economic multiplier
(what you get out from what you put in) out of all the sectors in the
“services-oriented” US economy, according to the Manufacturing Institute:
SEE IMAGE AT:
Economic Activity Generated by $1 of
Sector GDP, 2012 Source: BLS.
These linkages and
interdependencies require increased levels of education and intellectual
capital, acting as a powerful catalyst for employee training and research and
development (R&D). Manufacturing’s unique importance in this regard has
also been quantified:
US manufacturing
R&D represented 3.9% of domestic sales in 2011, well above the 2.3% average
for nonmanufacturing industries.
Stated differently, the loss of manufacturing means
less skilled jobs, reduced economic multiplier effects and less innovation.
That innovation is
crucial to generate sustainable economic output, more than simply
expanding the pools of available capital and labor (one thing today’s
proponents of open door immigration should carefully consider). .. And manufacturing is needed to sustain higher rates of
innovation.
We could highlight several other
benefits, including on foreign trade, where in the case of the US manufacturing
still accounts for the lion’s share of exports, and on more intangible yet equally
important factors such as the health and vitality of many urban and suburban
communities (Detroit being a notable case study
on the social outcomes of the loss of manufacturing, irrespective of the
underlying causes).
From this vantage point it
becomes easier to understand why the US economy has struggled to generate
prosperity across wider segments of the population as its manufacturing
base was increasingly offshored in recent decades. On the other hand, China – today’s factory of the world – has become
prosperous and a major global geopolitical player since opening its borders to
foreign capital AND manufacturing practices. Manufacturing does
matter. It is time we start paying attention.
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