EL 1ro DE MAYO y la historia de SACCO
Y VANZETTI
First in Spanish and then in English
There are several thing not mentioned in our history.
Varios hechos no se mencionan aquí. La historia
de Sacco y Vanzetti entre otras.
Hugo Adan, May 1, 17
Base on “SACCO-VANZETTI
CASE” http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html en Richard
Newby's essay
And:
“Antecedentes de las luchas obreras en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica” http://www.antorcha.net/biblioteca_virtual/historia/martires_chicago/1.html
Aunque el dia OFICIAL -Mayo 1- como
dia del trabajo en el US se remonta a Octubre de 1884 cuando las Fed de
sindicatos del US y Canada decidieron que desde Mayo de 1866 celebrarían el dia
del Trabajo con 8 horas de trabajo en lugar de 16. Lo de 1844 fue solo una
convocatoria de lucha.
La iniciativa de las 8 horas nació en
Europa con la 1ra internacional convocada por socialistas y comunistas en 1864
(fue el socialista Robert Owen el 1ro en lanzar la idea, aunque 10 h). Los obreros que emigraron al US y Canada
trajeron esas ideas, de aquí el Ado de ambas Fed (US-CA) en 1866. Sin embargo,
hasta 1916 se seguía trabajando 12 horas al día en el US.
El 1ro de mayo del 1884 se convocó la
lucha por las 8 horas. Y en 1886,
el 1ro de mayo se celebró con una huelga
de 500,000 trabajadores a nivel mundial. En Chicago 40,000 huelguistas salieron
a las calles.
Esta presión internacional hizo que 1886,
el presidente de Estados Unidos Andrew
Johnson promulgase la llamada ley Ingersoll, que permitían trabajar
jornadas máximas de ocho y diez horas, aunque siempre con cláusulas que
permitían hacer trabajar a los obreros entre catorce y dieciocho horas. Lo
mismo volvió a ocurrir en 1926 –por diferente razón- en las fábricas de automóviles
de Henry Ford.
En Sept 3, 1916: el Congress aprobó “the Adamson Act”, una ley federal que establecio las 8 horas de trabajo para los
ferroviarios.
En 1919, dos organizadores de Huelgas:
Sacco y Vanzetti (anarco-sindicalistas) fueron
criminalizados por la oligarquía en el poder con falsas acusaciones. El juicio
duro 8 años y la demanda por 8 horas de trabajo se extendió a nivel mundial.
En 1926, Henry Ford estableció las 40
horas de trabajo en sus fábricas pero solo para atraer trabajo calificado, una
medida temporal que llego a su fin con la crisis del 30.
En abril de 1927 Sacco y Vanzetti
fueron condenados a muerte y en Agosto de ese año fueron ejecutados. Ellos
fueron los más notorios mártires de la lucha por las 8 horas en el US. Y aun
asi, la ley de las 8 no se estandarizo en el pais. Pero la clase obrera siguió presionando.
En 1936 con FDR se consiguió estandarizar
las 8 horas y este mismo año las mujeres de NY exigieron 30 horas de trabajo a
la semana para las madres en cinta. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/day-international-workers-day-170429074724991.html
Ver image at: http://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2017/4/30/fd21360dd48b4c8f905db429eaba3d54_18.jpg Eso se llama feminismo
revolucionario y la lucha continua.
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AQUÍ ALGUNOS EXTRACTOS sobre la historia de Sacco y Vanzetti en Ingles
It is usually not mention that these anarchists were strike
organizers since 1919 (the end of WW1) and wrongly accused of assaulting
a paymaster of a factory in Boston when refused to pay owed salary, in April 15
of 1919. The paymaster was hospitalized (mortally wouded) while Workers went to
strike for 8 hours day work instead of 12. The 4-5 members who commit the assault
scape and never founded.
On the evening of May 5, 1920, two Italians, Nicola Sacco and
Bartolomeo Vanzetti, fell into a police trap (the police planted arms on them)
and accused of been suspect of the Braintree crime. Then start flaw
trial processes that shame the American judicial system. These events marked the beginning of
twentieth-century America's most notorious political trial.
Before this main case, Vanzetti “was tried first in the summer of 1920 on at least
two charges, of the failed Bridgewater robbery. He was convicted guilty in a
flawed trial and sentenced harsher than usual, to ten to fifteen years prison. This signaled a
hostile bias on the part of the authorities that was political in nature and
pointed to the need for a new defense strategy in the Braintree trial.
In 1920, as the Italian anarchist movement was trying to
regroup, Andrea Salsedo, a comrade of Sacco and Vanzetti, was detained and,
while in custody of the Department of Justice, hurled to his death. It
was clear that the federal and military authorities aimed at suppressing the Italian
anarchist movement to which Sacco and Vanzetti belonged.
Lawyer Moore's defense of the two men soon became so openly
and energetically political that its scope quickly transcended its local roots.
He organized public meetings, solicited the support of labor unions,
contacted international organizations, initiated new investigations, and
distributed tens of thousands of defense pamphlets throughout the United States
and the world. Moore would even enlist
the aid of the Italian government in the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti, who
were still, Italian citizens. Moore's aggressive strategy transformed a little
known case into an international cause to be fought for and celebrate.
The jury found Sacco and Vanzetti guilty of robbery and
murder on July 14, 1921. This verdict marked, however, only the
beginning of a lengthy legal struggle to save the two men. It extended until
1927, during which time the defense made many separate motions, appeals, and
petitions to both state and federal courts in an attempt to gain a new trial.
in 1924 Moore was replaced by a respected Boston lawyer,
William Thompson, who assumed control of the legal defense for the last
three years of the case. Thompson's
defense no longer emphasized the political, but these aspects of the case, once
they had been set into motion, could not be stopped and continued to gain
momentum.
Throughout America liberals and well-meaning people of every
sort, troubled and outraged by the injustice of the legal process, joined
the more politically radical anarchists, socialists, and communists in
protesting the verdict against Sacco and Vanzetti. Felix Frankfurter, then a
law professor at Harvard, who did more than any individual to rally
"respectable" opinion behind the two men, saw the case as a test of
the rule of law itself.
On April 9, 1927, after all recourse in the Massachusetts
courts had failed, Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced to death. By then
the dignity and the words of the two men had turned them into powerful symbols
of social justice for many throughout the world.
Sacco and Vanzetti were executed on August 23, 1927, a
date that became a watershed in twentieth-century American history. It became
the last of a long train of events that had driven any sense of utopian vision
out of American life
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